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Ketene Acetylated Wood Cellulose for Industrial Applications in Wood-base and Polymer Industry
Yakubu Azeh,Gabriel A. Olatunji,Sunday Oladoye,Olubunmi Atolani
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology , 2012,
Abstract: Cellulose-polyethylene blends were produced and the effects of acetylated cellulose on the biodegradability of blends were investigated. Ketene obtained by pyrolysis of acetone over various heated metals which include Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe and ZnS (sphalerite) from a specially modified apparatus used to acetylated wood and industrial cellulose increased surface interaction between the hydrophobic acetylated cellulose with non-polar hydrophobic polyethylene. The results indicated that the acetylation successfully eliminated most accessible hydroxyl groups in the samples as indicated by IR and NMR Spectra data. The blends produced from acetylated cellulose showed improved dimensional stability and reactivity attributed to surface interaction between acetylated cellulose (hydrophobic) and hydrophobic polyethylene. The biodegradation test indicated that the incorporation of acetylated cellulose into polyethylene enhanced their biodegradability implying that acetylated cellulose in poly-products will be a good control measure for pollutants from poly-products. The properties of modified wood cellulose were enhanced, due to lower equilibrium moisture content caused by acetyl groups. Modified wood cellulose could find industrial applications in fiber and particle/plywood board products for various construction purposes while modified cellulose-based materials can be used in the production of polymer-based biodegradable products.
Effect of Varying Corn Cob and Rice Husk Ashes on Properties of Moulding Sand  [PDF]
Sunday Aribo
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering (JMMCE) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2011.1015112
Abstract: The use of rice husk and corn cob ashes as aggregates for foundry moulding sand has been studied. 5-12.5 weight percent of rice husk and corn cob ashes were added to the sand mixture and the sand properties determined. A mixture of equal proportion of rice husk and corn cob ashes was also used. In each case, four weight percent water and clay were added to the sand mixture. Some of the properties of the sand tested are: permeability, green compression strength, dry compression strength, green shear strength, dry shear strength, moisture content and permeability. The results showed that the green compression strength, green shear strength, moisture content and permeability decrease with increase in the additives (rice husk ash, corn cob ash, and (50% rice husk and 50% corn cob ashes). While dry compression strength and dry shear strength increase with increase in weight percent of the additives.
Repassivation Behaviour of UNS S32101 and UNS S30403 Stainless Steels after Cathodic Stripping of the Native Passive Film in a CO2-Saturated Oilfield Brine  [PDF]
Sunday Aribo
Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry (AMPC) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2015.58027
Abstract: Repassivation behaviour of the passive film formed on lean duplex stainless steel UNS S32101 and austenitic stainless steel UNS S30403 in a CO2-saturated oilfield environment has been studied. The native passive film on the alloys was thinned/removed by stepping the potential of the alloy to ﹣850 mV/Ag/AgCl for 30 minutes. Potentiostatic measurements were then taken at potentials of ﹣200, ﹣100, 0, 100 and 200 mV versus Ag/AgCl. Results show that the passive film repassivates at potentials of ﹣200 and ﹣100 mV and 0 mV for both alloys at 50°C. The current density however continues to rise for potentials of 100 and 200 mV. This shows that both alloys are susceptible to pitting at potentials above 100 mV at the test temperature of 50°C.
Waste Disposal Problems and Management in Ughelli, Nigeria  [PDF]
Sunday I. Efe
Journal of Environmental Protection (JEP) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/jep.2013.44A002
Abstract:

The study examined the problem of waste disposal and management in Ughelli. A field survey was undertaken to determine the types, volume, effects and methods of managing solid waste in the Ughelli. The volume of waste was measured at dumpsites in the four existing quarters and from household bins. Appropriate waste characterization methods were employed in classifying the waste into various components on weekly basis. Eighty and twenty questionnaires were administered to households’ heads and industries respectively and summarized with descriptive statistics. The results revealed an increase in the volume of solid waste generated over the years with 15,540 Kg mean annual volume of solid waste generated in Ughelli at dumpsites, and 1104.7 Kg mean volume of solid waste generated per households that never arrives at dumpsites. The composition of solid waste generated and disposed in Ughelli were predominantly food items, bottles/cans and plastics, paper/carton and nylon of sachet water, which were mostly found in market places. The most widely adopted method of waste disposal is open dumping, land filling, dig and bury. It is therefore recommended that government should adopt an appropriate waste collection and disposal agency and also more government approved dumpsites should be established in the area.

National Identity and Crisis of Integration in Multi-Ethnic Nigeria: An Existentialist Perspective  [PDF]
Marcel Ikechukwu Sunday Onyibor
Open Journal of Philosophy (OJPP) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ojpp.2016.61001
Abstract: One would expect Nigeria after attaining a century old as a nation state on January 2014 to have overcome the problem of national identity and crisis of integration resulting from its multiethnic composition, but recent events have revealed that this desired status is yet to be fully attained. In fact, there have been continuous agitation by various ethnic nationalities ranging from militancy in the Niger Delta south region which has transformed into oil bunkering, armed robbery and organized kidnapping spreading to the southeastern and western part of the country; to various forms of religious fanaticism in the northeastern axis which recently metamorphoses into terrorism and kidnapping as socio-political characteristic of the present Nigeria society, the question that arises is how far Nigeria as a nation state has put itself on the part of achieving national identity and integration of its multiethnic nationalities into a united nation state. Through the methodological approach of historico-logical analysis of identified factors militating against the above objective, this article will proffer the existentialist principle of inter-subjectivity predicated on some tested democratic values such as rule of law, justice, equality, fairness and freedom as panacea for attaining national identity and resolving crisis of integration in Nigeria.
Igbo Cosmology in Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God: An Evaluative Analysis  [PDF]
Marcel Ikechukwu Sunday Onyibor
Open Journal of Philosophy (OJPP) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ojpp.2016.61011
Abstract: The death, burial, and funeral of African literary icon professor Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) and the fifty years anniversary of the publication of Arrow of God (AG) have led to fresh interest in the works and times of this great African literary giant. Though many books and journal articles have already been written on various themes of his work, one must not forget that Achebe wrote most of his fictional novels from Igbo traditional background. Our interest in the present endeavour is to investigate how Arrow of God recreated the Igbo traditional cosmology in various plots and characters in the novel, as well as how relevant these are to the contemporary Igbo and black Africa in general. Our methodology lies in the thematic discussion and interpretation of the plots and characters in the novel. The study is concluded on the note that Achebe exposed inevitable consequences of the situation when those in position of power and authority forget the derivative source of their power (the people) and rather cling to individual and personal aggrandizement. This will definitely bring them down from grace to grass like the chief priest of Ulu deity in Arrow of God. The novel also reveals that there is indeed a great repository of oral pre-literate tradition which our forebears have left behind for us to transmit to the coming generation as well as us as moral-social pedestal and foundation for engineering new paradigm structures for internally motivated African development.
Morphological Description of Calcareous Nannofossils Assemblage of a Middle-Miocene to Late-Miocene Section in the Niger-Delta, Nigeria  [PDF]
Peter Sunday Ola
Open Journal of Geology (OJG) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/ojg.2018.89055
Abstract: Forty four (44) different forms of nannofossils recovered from the middle-Miocene to late-Miocene sediments of a section ((8900 - 11,000) ft (2713 - 3353 m)) of a well in the prolific oil producing Niger delta, Nigeria were described and grouped into twelve, though not on phylogenetic relationship, for documentation purpose. The standard strewn-slide technique was used to recover the fossils. The aim is to present the distinguishing morphological features of each of the nannofossils group. Of the recovered forms Genus, Discoaster, was found prominent and divisible into six sub-groups: 6-rayed discoaster with bifurcations, 6-rayed discoasters without bifurcation, 5-rayed discoasters, 5-rayed discoaster with acute bifurcations, 5-rayed nannolith and the indeterminate forms. Genus Sphenolithus recovered is also divisible into two: species without prominent apical spines and species with prominent, monocrystalline apical spines. Other genera found and described are Catinaster, Cyclicargolithus, Coccolithu, Minylitha, Syracosphaera, Helicosphaera, Pontosphaera, Calcidiscus and Reticulofenestra. All the nannofossils fall within NN11, NN10, NN9, NN8 and NN5 zones belonging to the Middle-Late Miocene age.
Source Rock Evaluation of the Shale Beds Penetrated by Kinasar-1 Well, Se Bornu Basin, Nigeria  [PDF]
Peter Sunday Ola
Open Journal of Geology (OJG) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/ojg.2018.811064
Abstract: This paper investigates the hydrocarbon generation potential of the shale beds penetrated by Kinasar-1 well in the SE depression of the Bornu Basin, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to select shale sample from the ditch cuttings of the well and assess their source rock status based on the integration of four routinely used indicators: TOC, HI, Tmax, and VR. While all the strata analysed contain sufficient organic matter (TOC > 0.5) for hydrocarbon generation, the HI/Tmax plot suggests slightly matured to matured type II/III kerogen that is capable of generating only gas as revealed by the HI/TOC plot. Of tectonic significance is the Vitrinite reflectance result, which suggests cooling, based on observed VR reversal at depth. This is interpreted herein as marking a period of uplift and erosion that is totally different from and occurred before the intra-Maastrichtian unconformity that affected all the basins of WACRS.
The Impact of Climate Change Induced Extreme Events on Agriculture and Food Security: A Review on Nigeria  [PDF]
Oludare Sunday Durodola
Agricultural Sciences (AS) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/as.2019.104038
Abstract: The study of the climate change and the effects of climate change induced extreme events on food security are fundamental for the sustainable development of agriculture globally. Climatic factors are the primary important factors affecting agricultural production. Furthermore, the world is now experiencing more frequent and intense droughts and floods in many agricultural regions which damage and at times destroy crops. The effects of climatic change on agriculture have triggered significant trend of research during the last decade globally in order to unfold the solutions to climate change induced extreme events on agriculture. Several studies have been conducted on effects of extreme events such as droughts and flooding induced by climate change on agriculture and food security. These effects include changes in crop and livestock yields as well as the economic consequences of these potential yield changes globally. Therefore, this study reviews the effects of extreme events, including floods and drought, caused by climate change on agriculture and food security with focus on Nigeria in particular. For the study, literatures were identified for review through a comprehensive search by using electronic and non-electronic databases to identify researches conducted on effects on climate change and extreme events on agricultural productivity. From the review, it shows that extreme events such as droughts and floods impact agriculture and food security. In order to mitigate the effects of climate change especially droughts and floods, on agricultural productivity, there is an urgent need to intensity efforts and researches on climate change to mitigate and adapt to the occurrences of these extreme events when necessary in Nigeria. Several mitigation and adaptation measures need to be implemented to mitigate the effects of extreme events on agricultural productivity and food security. These measures include practicing climate-smart agriculture, construction and improvement of drainage networks to effectively dispose of flood water in order to reduce the risks of flooding in urban agriculture and drought-resistant varieties of crops should be cultivated.
Post-Optimality Analysis of Energy Consumption Model and Utility Application  [PDF]
Sunday A. Reju, Gideon Gope
Open Journal of Applied Sciences (OJAppS) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2014.414052
Abstract: Problems associated with energy distribution, consumption and management are undoubtedly some of the most significant problems that energy utilities face globally. For instance, when development takes place, the demand for electrical power and in particular domestic electrical energy also increases. Thus improvement of energy distribution policies becomes important for utilities and energy decision making agencies. The authors had earlier [1] [2] provided a mixed strategy 2-player game model for a residential energy consumption profile for winter and summer seasons of the year using a dual-occupancy high-rise (11-storey) building located within the Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek. The optimum energy values and the corresponding probabilities obtained from the model extend the usual simple statistical analyses of minimum and maximum energy values and their associated percentages. The time-block and the week-day strategies depict critical probabilistic values worth considering for decision purposes, especially, the necessity and justification for a dual tariff regime for the residential and workplace residents of the building as against the existing institutional uniform energy tariff policy. However, this paper presents extended results of post-optimality analyses for the winter and summer seasons, and thus provides the optimal range of energy values over which the energy consumption can change without changing the optimal tariff estimate parameters obtained from the mixed strategy of critical energy game values. The post-optimality analyses also provide extended information on the mixed strategy of non-optimal week-day solutions obtained from the game model, hence validating one of the essential roles of sensitivity analysis, namely, investigation of sub-optimal solutions. From application point of view, the post-optimality model provides a useful tool for Utilities, especially for identifying flexibility range of optimal break-even energy values for consumers, such as in the informal settlements where metering is rather a challenge to determine varied or non-uniform tariffs.
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